File Analysis Stat command linux :

🔍 File Analysis Using the `stat` Command in Linux

🎯 Lesson Objective:

Learn how to perform an initial analysis of a file using built-in tools in the Linux system, specifically the stat command, to examine the file’s metadata, which represents the first step in any Digital Forensics investigation.

🧠 Real Case – BTK Killer Case

The lesson began by referring to the famous BTK case, which is one of the cases where Digital Forensics helped solve the mystery after analyzing a floppy disk from which some files had been deleted.\ By recovering the deleted files and examining the metadata, investigators were able to reach important information about the file’s owner.

📸 Scenario Used in the Lab

We have an image file obtained (for example, from the suspect’s device), and we want to examine its metadata to determine:

When was it created?
Who created it?
Was it recently modified?
Was it opened after creation?

🧰 Tools and Environment Used:

Operating System: Ubuntu OR SIFT (or any Linux distribution)
Image file located in the folder: DigitalForensics
Tools: ls, stat, cp, mv

🧾 Detailed Steps for Analyzing Metadata Using `ls -lh`

🔹 1. Accessing the File via Terminal:

cd Desktop/DigitalForensics   

ls -lh

Expected output:

-rw-r--r--  1 user user 1.2K Jul 20 20:15 notes.txt
drwxr-xr-x  2 user user 4.0K Jul 20 18:00 documents

🔹 2. Understanding `ls -lh` Command

Part	Meaning
`ls`	Lists files and directories in the current path.
`-l`	Displays details in long listing format, including: permissions, link count, owner, group, size, and last modified date.
`-h`	Displays sizes in human-readable format (e.g., KB, MB instead of just bytes).

🔹 3. Analyzing `ls -lh` Output

Part	Explanation
`-rw-r--r--`	File permissions (read and write for owner, read for group and others).
`1`	Number of links to the file (how many times the filesystem points to it).
`user`	Username of the file owner.
`user`	Group that owns the file.
`1.2K`	File size (1.2 kilobytes).
`Jul 20 20:15`	Last modified date and time.
`notes.txt`	File name.

⚠️ Important Note:

The ls -lh command does not show all metadata of the file, such as:

Creation time
Last access time

🛠️ To get this info, use:

stat notes.txt

🔹 2. Displaying Data Using `stat`

stat trip_photo.jpg

It shows:

Access time: Last time the file was opened
Modify time: Last time the file content was changed
Change time: Last time file properties (not content) were changed
Birth/Creation time: When the file was created
Inode: The file’s identifier on disk (physical location)
Block size / Block count: Number and size of blocks occupied by the file

📌 stat provides detailed information useful for tracking a file’s timeline.

🧪 Hands-On File Experiments

✅ Opening File to Change Access Time

xdg-open trip_photo.jpg 

stat trip_photo.jpg

Just by opening the file (without modifying it), only Access Time changes.

✅ Moving the File Using `mv`

mv trip_photo.jpg .. 

cd .. 

stat trip_photo.jpg

Result: Inode does not change, because the file wasn’t copied but moved on the same disk.
Timestamps (like Modify or Change) also do not change.

✅ Moving doesn’t affect the file physically on disk.

✅ Copying the File Using `cp`

cp ../trip_photo.jpg DigitalForensics/

stat DigitalForensics/trip_photo.jpg

A new file is actually created:
New Inode
All timestamps (Access, Modify, Change, Birth) change to the moment of copy

📌 Copying creates a new file as if you did a “Save As”.

📊 Detailed Comparison: mv vs cp in Forensics Analysis

Property	`mv` (Move)	`cp` (Copy)
Primary Function	Moves file to another location	Copies file to another location (creates new file)
Effect on Original	Not changed	Original remains unchanged
Is New File Created?	❌ No – just relocated	✅ Yes – new file is created
Inode (physical location)	Unchanged (on same disk)	Changed – new file has new inode
Access Time	Unchanged unless opened	Set to new access time of copied file
Modify Time	Unchanged	Copied from original (same modify time)
Change Time	May change if attributes changed (rare)	New timestamp reflecting copy time
Creation Time (Birth Time)	Remains unchanged	Reflects copy time (new file)
Permissions	Remains same	May be copied or differ depending on system settings
Ownership	Remains same	May differ based on current user
Forensics Impact	Hard to detect change unless opened	New copy can be tracked with timestamps

🔍 Practical Example

1. Moving the File:

mv photo.jpg .. 

stat ../photo.jpg

Inode remains the same
Timestamps do not change
It’s the same file, just moved

2. Copying the File:

cp ../photo.jpg . 

stat photo.jpg

New Inode
All timestamps reflect copy moment
Now there are two independent files

🧠 Case Analysis – What Metadata Tells Us

Situation	Conclusion
Only Access time changed	File was opened recently without being modified
Same Inode after mv	File was moved, not copied
All timestamps are identical	File was newly created or recently copied
Creation date is older than first appearance	File came from another system (e.g., from Windows to Linux)

🧠 Very Important Fact

If a file was created on a Windows machine and transferred to Linux, the last modified date remains (from the old system), but the creation date reflects the moment it was introduced into the Linux system.

🕵️‍♂️ Importance in Digital Forensics:

Using stat, the forensic investigator can:

Determine if the file was accessed recently
Check if it was copied from another device
Verify permissions: who can modify it?
Track digital evidence with timestamps and ownership

✅ Comparison Summary

Key Point	`mv`	`cp`
Preserves timestamps	✔️	❌
Preserves inode	✔️	❌
Only changes file path	✔️	❌
Creates new forensic trace	❌	✔️

🧭 Lesson Summary:

ls -l ⇨ General file info
stat ⇨ Deep metadata analysis
Copying vs Moving is crucial in digital evidence tracking
Metadata reveals the complete file history, even after changes or moves

Tool	Benefit
`ls -l`	Surface info: permissions, size, last modified
`stat`	Comprehensive: access, modify, creation, physical location
`mv`	Doesn’t change file physically
`cp`	Creates a completely new file

🧑‍💻 Advice for Digital Forensics Investigators

Don’t rely solely on file content; analyze the metadata as it may contain very important clues about the file’s history and source.

🎯 Real-life Example:\ If you find a suspicious image with a recent creation date but an older modify date, it might have been copied from another machine or downloaded from the internet.